Final Exam Blue Print Essay

Gowns: prevent soiling clothing during contact with patient Masks: should be worn when you anticipate splash or spray of blood or body fluid and satisfy droplet/airborne precautions. Protective eyewear: should be worn for procedures that generate splashes or splatters Gloves: prevent the transmission of pathogens by direct/indirect contact. This equipment protects you from waste materials such as wounds, blood, stool, and urine. Indwelling urinary catheters – causes of risk for infections An indwelling urinary catheter obstructs the normal flushing action of urine flow. The presence of a catheter in the urethra breaches the natural defenses of the body. Reflux of microorganisms up the catheter lumen from the drainage bag or backflow of urine in the tubing increases the risk of infection. Surgical asepsis uses verse medical asepsis Surgical asepsis is used during procedures that require intentional perforation of patient’s skin, when skin’s integrity is broken, or during procedures that involve insertion of catheters. * Sterile objects remains sterile only when touched by another sterile object * Place only sterile objects on sterile field * Sterile object/field out of the range of vision or held below waist is contaminated * Sterile object/field becomes contaminated by prolonged exposure to air. * When sterile surface comes in contact with a wet, contaminated surface, the sterile object/field becomes contaminated by capillary action * Sterile object becomes contaminated if gravity causes contaminated fluid to flow over the objects surface * The edges of sterile field/container are considered to be contaminated. Medical asepsis, or clean technique, includes procedures for reducing the number of organisms present and preventing the transfer of organisms. Hand hygiene, barrier techniques, and routine environmental cleaning are examples of medical asepsis. Nursing intervention when assessing bradycardia radial pulse Can cause pulse deficit. To assess a pulse deficit 2 nurses are needed to assess radial and apical pulse simultaneously and compare rates. The difference between apical and radial pulse is the pulse deficit. Assess the ability of the heart to meet the demands of body tissue for nutrients by palpation a peripheral pulse or using a stethoscope to listen to heart sounds (apical rate) Pulse sites Temporal, carotid, apical, brachial, radial, ulnar, femoral, popliteal, posterior tibial, Dorsalis pedis Critical Thinking- chapter 15 Examples of application of critical thinking (you may have to scan the chapter, no specific section to apply to the question) Know what would be considered critical thinking * Critical thinking involves recognizing that an issue exists, analyzing information about the issue, evaluating information, and making conclusions. * Critical thinking is a continuous process characterized by open-mindedness, continual inquiry, and perseverance. * Diagnostic reasoning: determining a patient’s health status after you have assigned meaning to the behaviors and symptoms presented. * Inference: process of drawing conclusions from related pieces of evidence. * Clinical decision making: careful reasoning so the best options are chosen for the best outcomes. * Nursing process: five-step clinical decision-making approach. Five components of critical thinking. * Knowledge base * Experience * Critical thinking competencies * Attitudes * Standards Professional standard for critical thinking * Intellectual: the intellectual standard is a guideline or principle for rational thought. * Professional: the professional standard refers to evidence-based ethical criteria for nursing judgments used for evaluation and criteria for professional responsibility. Patient Safety- chapter 27 Patient safety during seizures * Seizure precautions encompass all nursing interventions to protect the patient from traumatic injury, position for adequate ventilation and drainage of oral secretions, and provide privacy and support following the seizure. * Seizure precautions are nursing interventions to protect patient from traumatic injury, positioning for adequate ventilation and drainage/oral secretions, and providing privacy and support after event. Fall risk prevention and interventions The plan for a patient who has high risk for falls. 1. Select nursing interventions to promote safety according to patient’s developmental and health care needs. 2. Consult with OT and PT for assistive devices 3. Select interventions that will improve the safety of patients home environment Interventions * Nursing interventions for promoting safety are individualized for patients’ developmental stage, lifestyle, and environment. * Note the safety locks and anti-tip bars on the wheelchair. * Nurses contribute to a safer environment by helping patients meet basic needs related to oxygen, nutrition, and temperature. * Adequate lighting and security measures in and around the home, including the use of nightlights, exterior lighting, and locks on windows and doors, enable patients to reduce the risk of injury from crime. * Modifications in the environment will easily reduce the risk of falls. To reduce the risk of injury in the home, remove all obstacles from halls and other heavily traveled areas. * Prevention of accidental fires and poisons requires awareness of precautions such as not smoking in bed and keeping hazardous substances out of reach of children. * Safety bars provide excellent prevention against falls. Safety risk-Risk at developmental stages * Children younger than 5 years of age are at greatest risk for home accidents that result in severe injury and death. * The school-aged child is at risk for injury at home, at school, and while traveling to and from school. * Adolescents are at risk for injury from automobile accidents, suicide, and substance abuse. * Threats to an adult’s safety are frequently associated with lifestyle habits (smoking, drinking, hazardous work, etc.). * Risks for injury for older patients are directly related to the physiological changes of the aging process. Risk * 16-19 : car accident * 75 and up: falls and car accident * Older adults have decreased vision acuity and hearing loss making them at risk for MVA and hearing sirens or horns. Decrease reflexes occur with aging. * Lead can be in paint, soil, water and can be inhaled or swallowed. * 64 years and older; decreased vision, orthostatic hypotension, gait and balance problems, urinary incontinence, use of walking aids, effects of various medications (sedatives, anticonvulsants, hypnotics, analgesics. * Falls occur due to inadequate lighting, barriers along walk paths and stairways, and lack of safety devices in home. * Patients most at risk of injury are those with bleeding tendencies (disease or medications), and osteoporosis (results in fractures). Every developmental age involves specific safety risks: * Children younger than 5 years of age are at greatest risk for home accidents that result in severe injury and death. * The school-aged child is at risk for injury at home, at school, and while traveling to and from school. * Adolescents are at risk for injury from automobile accidents, suicide, and substance abuse. * Threats to an adult’s safety are frequently associated with lifestyle habits (smoking, drinking, hazardous work, etc.). * Risks for injury for older patients are directly related to the physiological changes of the aging process. Priority planning patient care (this is using your critical thinking skills and wouldn’t be found in a section of the book) * In many situations, patients present with multiple nursing diagnoses. Use a concept map to visualize how nursing diagnoses interrelate. * Establish goals with the patient’s self-care abilities and resources in mind, and focus on maintaining or improving the condition of the skin and oral cavity. * Patient’s skin is clean, dry, and intact without signs of inflammation. * Patient’s skin remains elastic and well hydrated. * Patient’s skin is free from areas of pressure. * Timing is also important in planning hygiene care. * In hospital or extended care settings, work closely with nursing assistive personnel, who often provide hygiene care. * Collaborate with other health team members as indicated (e.g., work with physical therapy and occupational therapy to enhance the patient’s independence with self-care activities). * When a patient needs assistance as a result of a self-care limitation, the family often becomes a valuable resource to the nurse an d helps with hygiene measures.

No topic, just paraphrase Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

No topic, just paraphrase - Essay Example In each proceeding year, a greater market share is set to be captured and the expected figures are shown in the table below: This market projection is based on the assumption that upon completion, Cantus will be operating as a subscription service. This digital-only subscription model is a rare model in the publishing sheet music industry and it can prevent direct completion with other businesses in the sector. The second assumption is that Cantus will also include mobile apps in its business model and will not only rely on its website to share sheet music. Mobile apps that are supported by both Apple and Android can help expand the market and hence the number of mobile internet connections can prove to be a critical factor for the Internet Publishing and Sharing industry. As a startup venture, the marketing budget is constrained. In the initial stages, social media network apps such as Twitter and Facebook will have to be used for reaching out to users. This will entail paying Facebook or Twitter a small fee to have the app show up on the newsfeed of people who are opinion leaders and have a lot of ‘likes’ on their profile. The demand gap is expected to be low since there is no direct competition for Cantus. This gap can be filled by analyzing customer needs and communicating to the customers how Cantus is the right product for them. Factors such as per capita disposable income, consumer sentiment, unemployment rate and leisure time can prove to be decisive factors in affecting market growth changes. The projected growth rates for the last five years have been met but there has been no instance where the actual growth rate surpassed the projected growth rate. This could be because of 2 reasons: The 6% annualized growth rate for the next five years is a good projection keeping in mind the unanticipated macroeconomic factors. The company is confident that it can take advantage of the increased

Promotional Campaign Olympenergy the energy drink Research Proposal

Promotional Campaign Olympenergy the energy drink - Research Proposal Example The health and energy drinks sector is the most promising, profitable and growing segment in the UK (Reuters, 2008). Accordingly Unilever plans to launch its new energy drink during the London 2012 Olympics which would give the brand a good start. This product will be labeled Olympenergy and would be an energy drink, basically a sports drink without artificial sugar. This sport drink would also be beneficial for the older generation as it would reduce muscles and joint aches. It would help the viewers of the Olympics by providing cognitive support. The energy drinks market in the UK has very high potential. This is evident from a report which says that an energy drink with an Asian ant as its principal agent made a successful entry in the UKs stimulant drinks market (Functional Ingredients, 2002). This drink raises the energy level, fights ageing, and enhances sexual vigour apart from fortifying the different systems in the body. Moreover, the energy and sport drink market is thrivin g in the UK with 484 million litres drunk in 2008 (Williams, 2011). Energy drink producers are generally targeting the young and active consumers. The campaign for plan to leverage the maximum promotional benefits is presented below. 2. Marketing strategy The marketing strategy of consumer goods has undergone a change due to internationalization and globalization. Marketing is not just restricted to adjusting the elements of the marketing mix. Today products marketing demands services being extended to the consumers, and services have extended elements of marketing mix. The marketing campaigning would include several tasks such as taking into account the issues of standardization and adaptation. 2.1 Standardization and... Unilever markets its products in all markets including the developed and the developing countries. Standardization means that the same marketing strategy is applied in all markets without considering the local factors. Standardization means identical product lines at identical prices through identical distribution systems with identical promotional programmes. Standardization can bring about significant benefits but this can be feasible if the markets and the consumer behavior are homogenous. Markets are supposed to be homogenized because of advanced technology in communication and information systems but heterogeneous cultures, political systems and economic conditions across borders makes this task difficult. Standardization is a product-oriented approach and not a customer-oriented approach to marketing. Product focus can blind the company to the consumer needs and wants. Standardization ignores the customer needs and the focus is on reducing the product variables. Cultural differ ences and competitor strategy are also important factors in devising the marketing strategy of such products. Thus, local adaptation becomes essential in devising the market plans.

Denny's Corporation - Analysis on 2011 Annual Report Research Paper

Denny's Corporation - Analysis on 2011 Annual Report - Research Paper Example These executives are mainly involved in the decision making process in the company and decide about the expansion or franchising projects that the company undertakes. (Denny's, 2012) The company also has a very catching title that says, ‘America’s diner is always open’, showing their great commitment towards serving their customers. (Denny's, 2012) The company’s profitability ratios indicate that the return on assets is substantially positive, 33.93%, giving a good indication that the company is making money out of its current assets very effectively. Nevertheless, the ROE gives a very bleak picture for its investors with a negative value of 198%. This is not a good sign for its equity holders who are not being repaid for their capital that they have invested in the company and are probably suffering in the form of stuck capital. It can also be said that the company is finding it hard to attract new investors as its image as a profitable investment has been badly tarnished. The company’s current ratio is very high compared to industry standards, 70.2, indicating a strong control over the short term assets with which it can finance its day to day operations or pay off its debts. The working capital indicates that the company requires excessive amount of money on a daily basis to keep the operations running. As the business consists of high variable costs due to its ongoing purchase of raw materials, it requires plenty of short term cash to finance these costs. The difference between the current and acid-test ratio shows why inventories form such a big part of the current assets of the company, contributing around 60% of total current assets of the company. The company’s activity ratios show signs of a promising growth as the inventory is converted into finished goods 96 times in one year. On the other hand, the company receives back its credit within an average of 10.9 days, showing there isn’t much delay between t he transaction and the inflow of cash. This is a good sign for Denny’s Corporation as it requires great sums of money in the short term to finance its inventories of raw materials. By maintaining such low Accounts Receivable Turnover that company ensures it keeps on getting cash from its customers to further fund its operations in the future. The company didn’t pay out any dividend to its shareholders indicating why it isn’t a great investment for investors and not a good opportunity for growth in the long run. Although the company has a respectable price to earnings ratio of 3.72, meaning that for every dollar the company earned, the price that the investor has to pay for the company’s share was 3.72. Keeping this in mind, the company still didn’t offer any dividends to its equity holders and instead resorted to retaining the profits within the company either for purpose of expansion or funding the operations of the company. The company’s l everage ratio portrays a risky picture. The company has roughly 1.02 units of debt for every 1 unit of asset, making it highly volatile and prone to huge burden and failure to pay the interest payments. The company has high financial leverage and can use it to their advantage if it carefully monitors the progress of the company. At the moment, the debt to equity ratio is 37.22, which is substantially higher than a safe level. This can be

Marijuana should be forbidden in the United States Essay

Marijuana should be forbidden in the United States - Essay Example alcohol or tobacco, its legalization would only result in an increase in its usage which could result in long-term addiction problems (DuPont, 2012). A study carried out in 2006 has found that marijuana is the most widely grown cash crop in the country with values exceeding that of corn and wheat combined (Marijuana Prohibition, 2008). While the plant was widely grown in the US, a federal law of Controlled Substance Act that was passed in the year 1970 prohibited the cultivation, use and trading of the drug within the country. The Act further classified the drug as a Schedule 1 drug by which the drug has more potential for abuse. However, in the following years certain states decriminalized the use of the drug and allowed medical use of marijuana as its use was found to be effective in the treatment of nausea, rheumatism and labor pains (Marijuana Facts and Statistics, 2012). Though the drug continues to be a controlled substance and users are subject to federal prosecution, research studies have shown that even teenagers have easy access to the drug with a particular study showing that popularity of the use of marijuana overtook that of cigarette tobacco over the past year (Marijuana Facts and Statistics, 2012; Marijuana Prohibition, 2008; Coffman &Dobuzinskis, 2012). An anti-legalization group has argued that marijuana use poses a great risk for the physical and mental development of young children (Coffman &Dobuzinskis, 2012; DuPont, 2012). A recent study showed a decline in the IQ levels among teenagers who used the drug regularly. The study further noted the harmful effects that the drug would have on the brain development in these teenagers. Thus the group is campaigning against legalization of the drug citing the negative effects it has on teenagers which would in turn affect their education and career later in life. There is also less awareness about the exact effects of the drug that has hindered efforts to prevent the use of the drug (Coffman

Policy memo to the President on Sino-American relationships Essay

Policy memo to the President on Sino-American relationships - Essay Example One of the greatest challenges facing the US is possibility of nuclear attacks from defiant North Korea and similar attacks on US allies such as South Korea and Japan. The United States bilateral partnerships with East Asia nations like Japan aim at defending such nations in case of military confrontation from hostile neighbors (Shambaugh, 2013). Another challenge facing the US in East Asia is the increased integration and cooperation of East Asia countries in trade and formation of regional economic blocs that determine the trade flows in the region (Lin & Roy, 2010). The rise of China as an economic and military power has dwindled the influence of United States in geopolitical issues affecting East Asia. China has the potential to influence East Asia trading activities and determine the capacity of the US to find strategic partners and allies in the region (Shambaugh, 2013). Nationalism, unresolved historical issues and territorial borders is another challenge that limits the abili ty of the US to interfere with East Asia issues (Lin & Roy, 2010). Territorial border tensions have fueled military confrontation and led to high military build-up and spending by some East Asia nations thus limiting their capability to focus on trade and investment spending. In this case, the US must use a careful and diplomatic approach in its comments relating to territorial disputes in order to avoid diplomatic tensions in the region (Shambaugh, 2013).

Marco Polo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marco Polo - Essay Example "Marco Polo, Christopher Columbus and other explorers couldn't resist the urge to trade in goods that they could not find at home, such as precious metals, spices and silks." (Jones, 100) Marco Polo has always been regarded as making a more important contribution to the Western world as he found the significant silk root to China to pioneer the explorations of the East. Apart from the contributions he made through his various explorations, Marco Polo also made a commendable input to the world of explorers through his book Il Milione, also known as Oriente Poliano. In other words, he is considered the most famous Western explorer who excelled the other voyagers with his determination, his writing, and influence over the following generations. Thus, this great explorer of the Europe travelled on the Silk Road to reach further than his predecessors, and explore the new land of China, and returned to his land to narrate the tales of his explorations that later became the greatest travelo gue to humanity. Bartolomeu Diaz (c. 1450 - 1500), the Portuguese navigator, has been remembered as the first explorer to round the Cape of Good Hope, which was considered an unattainable task. Diaz's name is written in golden letters in the history of European explorations as he was one of the great Portuguese sailors who helped find the south-eastern sea route between Western Europe and Asia. "The first European to see the stormy Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa was Bartholomew Diaz (or Dias), a courageous Portuguese sea captain and explorer. Diaz was one of the great Portuguese seamen who helped find the south-eastern water route between Western Europe and Asia." (Bartolomeu Dias (or Diaz): Portuguese Adventurer & Explorer) He was master to Vasco da Gama as well as he pioneered the later expeditions of the East through the African coast. Vasco da Gama (1460-1524), the Portuguese explorer, discovered an ocean route from Portugal to the East and his explorations were proved significant for the later European exploration and colonization of the East. His voyage from Portugal to India eventually helped the European Imperial and colonial interests to make him a famous explorer of Europe. Starting his sail from Lisbon, Portugal, in 1497, Vasco da Gama rounded African Cape of Good Hope to reach Calicut, India, in 1498. Though he was well-received in India in the beginning, da Gama left the land in 1498, when he was asked to pay a large tax and leave all of his trading goods. "When he left, da Gama took his goods with him, together with some Indian hostages. Upon his return, da Gama was treated as a hero and was rewarded by the king." (Vasco da Gama: Explorer) Christopher Columbus (1451 -1506) was another Italian explorer who made significant voyages across the Atlantic which resulted in the European discovery of the American continents. There is a distinct and unrivalled place for Columbus in the history of exploration and voyages. It is mainly the characteristics of his explorations and the great spirit of exploration to give a shining model to the following explorers that Columbus is mainly known. Examining the mostly southward voyages of the Portuguese into the Atlantic and Africa, Columbus realized that the sail westward would ultimately get to India and he took the different root. "The fundamental difference between