Ge’s Talent Machine: the Making of a CEO

General Electric (GE) is a true global company with attendance in more than 100 countries. Clearly, with a workforce of more than 320’000 employees, GE also has to have proper human resources processes established. Its energetic Business Operation Model and sophisticated and evolved human resources strategy are results of the steady growth over more than 130 years of corporate history. Since its incorporation in 1878, many CEOs have shaped the company’s products, people and processes, few very intensive and a bit less (GE, 2011). GE has been able to create a surplus while most companies have difficulty producing sufficient quality candidates for top management succession. Producing sufficient quality top management is very difficult for most companies, GE was producing managers not only for own, but enough quantity to meet the need of industry. The philosophy that GE had adopted included some techniques, policies, and practices which allow GE to fill vacant top positions. These techniques were continuous improvement, focus strategy, emerging culture, company strategy, and meritocracy (Bartlett, 2003). As for continuous improvement, management development process of GE was very successful in which employees are developed step by step. As a focus strategy and to fill vacant top positions, GE was focusing on internal foundation. For company strategy, the company was trying not only to gain objectives but also to unite the new employees with the existing culture followed at GE. And lastly for meritocracy, GE employee’s performance was measured by quantitative and qualitatively and the basis of this evaluation, the employees were promoted. GE’s policies and practices were so good that it was producing the surplus managers. Values, culture, training programs, and performance assessment measures are factors that help GE in revealing and polishing the talent of every employee (Bartlett, 2003). Overall policies and practices are very good and fulfill the requirement and need of management development. These policies and practices were generalized in every where in the world up to some extent. Their extent depends upon the circumstances, situations, and environment of the geographical areas, laws, and regulations of state because these factors vary from culture (Bartlett, 2003). These policies and practices are implemented in European culture but it is very difficult to implement these policies in the Asian culture due to HR policies have to deal with human behavior and culture. Human behaviors are different in each country in same situations. For transferring these policies it is necessary to change and create the circumstances and situations according to that of GE. HR departments have to deal with factors like value, culture, and behavior and these things are different from each culture to culture, company to company (Bartlett, 2003). GE believes its ability to develop management talent is a core competency that represents a source of sustainable competitive advantage. Traces the development of a 25-year-old MBA named Jeff Immelt, who 18 years later is named as CEO of GE, arguably the biggest and most complex corporate leadership job in the world, and how he frames and implements his priorities for GE. Immelt's own developments and the strategic changes Immelt adopts in his first year as CEO, when he pulls hard on the sophisticated human resource levers his predecessors left him. Immelt questions whether the changes in place will foster the development of the next generation of GE growth leaders. Jeffrey Immelt was identified as a â€Å"young hot-shot† in one of these programs, and eventually rose up the ranks to become the present Chief Executive Officer (Bartlett, 2003). Under Mr. Immelt (beginning in 2001), GE shifted its business model to a more technological focus, identifying certain growth sectors such as health care IT, water technology (among others) for managers to focus on generating revenues. In addition, they emphasized greater â€Å"customer focus† in their businesses and looked towards growing internationally as well. In this stage, HR decided to include more engineers in the SEB program, and encouraged more transfer of talent into sales/marketing positions in order to emphasize their desire to establish long-term customer relations. The talent machine had to change to be in line with the changing business environment (Bartlett, 2003). Immelt has the opposite managerial approach when compared to Welch even though some similarities are found in both leaders. They both encourage anagers to follow programs that are aimed at improving management skills and get them involved with the company vision and goals. Immelt also requires a two way communication between employees and supervisors, but he prefers a quite exchange of opinion rather than a more confrontational approach that Welch was approving. Both Immelt and Welch knew or know all employees in depth. But it see ms that Welch, even though he was very tough and feared, was loved at all levels and employees felt to be part of a big family. Immelt on the other hand, is considered to be more people oriented and friendly (Bartlett, 2003). The organization under Immelt is growing a strong customer oriented culture rather than a product oriented culture that Welch created. New ideas are brought in by hiring managers from the outside business world and diversity within the employees is seen more favorably by the management. GE employees are now encouraged to come up with new ideas through â€Å"idea jams† meeting sessions, a type of group brainstorming. The best ideas are also awarded with the Excellerator Award (GE, 2011). The word GE evokes the thoughts of people focus, performance oriented growth, leadership and talent development, retention and maximum talent utilization. GE’s HR strategy is completely aligned with the business goals of the organization (Pinto, 2011). This strategic framework of double sided benefit (Employee and Employer) based on the talent or growth potential can be called as a Talent Machine. Given by the fact that the CEO and senior leaders spends valuable time helping devise the HR strategic goals division by division at the beginning of every year. Visions are communicated and shared throughout the business process (Bartlett, 2003). GE spends a huge sum of around 1 billion dollars every year for the employee development. The growth potential of the employees especially the leadership potential is tracked closely and is rewarded appropriately (Business Week, 2005). The performance review at GE is highly effective and evolved. It has a long-term direction and constructive criticism and an in built succession planning. The most important HR strategic policy is that more than 90% of the leadership positions are filled from within the organization (Hitt, 2007). Therefore, success in GE needs not just performance, but also a true present of GE culture and values. On the whole, GE’s maturity in the area of HR is clear when one looks into the sophisticated performance management process and tools and how the organization benefits itself and at the same time promises a good return to the employee (Bartlett, 2003). The quality of employees and their development through training and education are key factors in determining long-term profitability of any business. If you hire and keep good employees, it is a good strategy to invest in the development of their skills, so they can increase their productivity. Employees often develop a greater sense of self-worth, dignity and well-being as they become more valuable to the firm and to society. Generally they will receive a greater share of the material gains that result from their increased productivity. These factors give them a sense of satisfaction through the achievement of personal and company goals (Zero, 2011). Your business should have a clearly defined strategy and set of objectives that direct and drive all the decisions made especially for training decisions. Firms that plan their training process are more successful than those that do not. Most business owners want to succeed, but do not engage in training design that promise to improve their chances of success (Zero, 2011). GE believes its ability to develop management talent is a core competency that represents a source of sustainable competitive advantage. This case traces the development of GE's rich system of human resource policies and practices fewer than five CEOs in the post-war era, showing how the development of talent is embedded into the company's ongoing management responsibilities (Bartlett, 2003).

Civilian in Space

I can only imagine what it would be like traveling to space. It is not something I sit around and think about doing. Those who had the pleasures of going to space, like the astronauts, are those who had been preparing for such a career. This does not make me want to go to space, going to space Is like dying and going to the other side, you just do not know what to expect. Science tells us that space Is like a never ending hole. This sounds a little creepy, but space really Is not all that scary, It Is quite amazing actually.Science tells us that space Is a galaxy with many stars, planets, and rocks. However, I am against civilians In space because clansman are Inexperienced and the cost can become extremely high. If It takes astronauts years to train In order to travel to space, what chances do a Cleveland has? The story, â€Å"Clansman In Space,† states, â€Å"Traveling beyond Earth has been a privilege for a select few, namely, astronauts. † Civilians must be more qua lified than the average astronaut. They must understand the dynamics and velocity of space.In case of an emergency, would a civilian know what to do? The story â€Å"Civilians in Space† gives many fascinating examples like: it is an â€Å"Amazing Experience,† and â€Å"The view of Earth and the stars must be spectacular, and the experience of living in zero gravity would be fascinating. † Equally important to training is the cost of civilians traveling to space. The cost to traveling back and forth to space ranges in the billions, according to the story, â€Å"Civilians in Space. † This money comes from â€Å"Corporate Sponsorship.When civilians lack the knowledge, danger is expected, the story states, â€Å"There are many unknown risks involved. † Then there is the matter of insurance. Car insurance here, on earth, is extremely high; can you imagine the cost of insurance to go to space. In the story, â€Å"Civilians in Space† it states â⠂¬Å"Companies that specialize in manufacturing travel, marketing, insurance, law, and finance would all have to be involved. † The most important point in the story that expresses a major point of view is how Problems like poverty and disease† should be a priority over taking me into space.All in all, space traveling should be left to the experts. Traveling in space is ministering. However, it is not like going to the mall, Movie Theater, out to dinner, or to Disney World. It is not all about the basic that fascinates civilians to want to travel to space, but about trained experts that can cope with any surprises at any given moment. Civilian in Space By abominating make me want to go to space, going to space is like dying and going to the other side, o Just do not know what to expect.Science tells us that space is like a never ending hole. This sounds a little creepy, but space really is not all that scary, it is quite amazing actually. Science tells us that space is a galaxy with many stars, planets, and rocks. However, I am against civilians in space because civilians are inexperienced and the cost can become extremely high. If it takes astronauts years to train in order to travel to space, what chances do a civilian has? The story, â€Å"Civilians in Space,†

Human Resource Management in its Environment Essay - 2

Human Resource Management in its Environment - Essay Example These are based on opposing views of human nature and managerial control strategies. Employers have been accepting a range of ‘soft’ and ‘hard’ people-centered practices associated with human resource management (Cunningham & Hyman, 1999). HRM can thus be interpreted as a ‘soft’, developmental humanist approach or a ‘hard’, situational contingent approach (Kane, Crawford & Grant, 1999). Storey distinguishes between hard and soft forms of HRM, typified by the Michigan and Harvard models respectively (HRM Guide, 1997). The Harvard model of HRM or hard HRM by Beer et al focuses on the resource side of human resources and the control lies in the hands of the management. It is quantitative and costs are calculated in the form of headcount. In this approach, contend Truss et al, the human resource practices and policies are closely related to the strategic objectives of the organization (external fit) but are also coherent among themselves (internal fit). The soft model proposed by the Michigan School is a strategic approach and endorses management’s views (Gill, 1999). The soft HRM thus deals with the ‘human’ aspect of HRM and is concerned with communication and motivation. It deals with the utilization of individual talents and McGregor’s Theory Y perspective on individuals, which means developmental humanism (Truss et al). This is based on the assumption that people should be led rather than managed. This implies that people should be so motivated that commitment springs from within. The behavior becomes self-regulated rather than be controlled or imposed. Hence people do not work under external pressures and there is an environment of mutual trust within the organization. Soft HRM is also associated with goals of flexibility and adaptability where communication plays a great role. The soft version assumes that employees will work best when they are committed to the organization. They would not

California budget cuts Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

California budget cuts - Assignment Example These are results articulated to the witnessed economic crisis with more students reported to access admission into the system. The facilities in the CSU and UC need maintenance, and without the right funding value, the university will be prompted to increase their accommodation value to compete with the changes. This value is expected to stay on the high with limited change expected with the forced budget cuts. The proposed cuts by brown will be witnessed to limit the constraints witnessed by the Californians with the unemployment doubling and further constraints witnessed in the health services. The revenues recorded have fallen to a record low of 2.2 billion dollars, and an added $1 billion dollars has to be reduced to level the budget for the financial year. This value will include a recorded $328 million deducted from the K-12 program (Baron, K. & Baron, J.). This value affects the system with the state claiming that it would not include spending of a value that it lacks, and there needs to be an accommodation to balance the resources. The economic crisis will dampen the efforts to sustain the budget cuts with minimal progress realized in reducing the tuition

Financial Services Industries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Financial Services Industries - Essay Example This destabilization asks questions about the various organizational practices and balance sheet structures that these two types of financial institutions utilize. Furthermore, the regulatory agencies involved in the monitoring of securities firms play a vital role in protecting consumers and investors, and the solvency of the bank system is a vital component of social stability not only in the U.S. economy but globally speaking. This paper will briefly examine some of the differences in structure and operation of depository institutions as well as examine the regulatory processes involved in supervising the securities firms. As an illustration of the crumbling barrier between banking and commerce consider that during the 1970s there were predictions that there was a decline in banking as balance sheets for commercial banks had fallen to their lowest levels in years (Federal Reserve Bank, 1998). In response a number of deregulation initiatives were instituted to spur growth for depository institutions. To manage the acknowledged increased risk that deregulation would entail the FDIC systematically raised the minimum level of the capital-to-asset ratio. However, because of deregulation and the FDIC response this encouraged depository institutions to move business off their balance sheets, for example, by packaging and selling various product lines in the form of securities. This â€Å"securitization† of assets, such as mortgages, auto loans, and credit-card loans- shifts loans to permanent investors, leaving the depository institutions to service the loans for a fee. "Origination, distribution, and servicing capabilities have therefore become increasingly significant elements of the banking business, while building up the balance sheet, once perceived as a measure of an institutions eminence, has diminished in importance" (Federal Reserve Bank, 1998, p. 61). The operational practices and balance sheet structure are in fact markedly different

News story critique Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

News story critique - Assignment Example To achieve this, the paper will draw evidence from the news article to analyze the framing of the sex research in these news outlets in relation to our studies in class. It is clear that sex research is very significant in the modern society. Indeed, sex research leads to improved sexual behaviors, reduced negative sex outcomes, delayed starting of sexual activity among the youth, increased protection during sex, reduced sexual partners. Moreover, the media frames the sex research to influence mass opinion. Ideally, framing in research refers to how individuals or groups perceive and communicate the reality in the society. In the media, framing of a research topic defines how the media influences the public opinion and such influence may be behavioral or attitudinal. Indeed, Van Gorp establishes that the framing process assesses the impact of the present cultural phenomena in relation to the present social realities. Indeed, sex and sexuality are social realities in our society and a s such, the media frames the research on this topic to the effect of the society. The media frames the sex research in a unique yet convincing manner. The media frames the sex research from a qualified and authorized author. For example, the news article states that the respondent to the research, Dr. Levant is a professor of psychology and director of the Psychology Department Counseling Clinic at the University of Akron (New York Times, 2013).  As such, the article asserts that the information therein is reliable and authorized. The article does this to convince the audience in trusting in the information given in the article. More so, the audience is likely to adopt the advice there in due to the authority of the author. The news article also claims that the respondent in these articles has actually taken part in other studies. For example, the article states that Dr. Levant had written other related books that include â€Å"Men and Sex: New Psychological Perspectives (New Yor k Times, 2013).†Ã‚  With this background, the articles can influence the public opinion on the topic sex and sexuality by relying on the information contained in the news articles. Furthermore, the article frames the research by portraying the fact that the society forwarded questions about male sexuality to the professor and such questions represented the sex issues in the entire society. Nevertheless, the article reckons that the professor answered only the questions related to his expertise and thus the society should trust such answers. For example, the articles frame the research by analyzing some of the asked questions, which included how old-single men can date in 2013 (New York Times, 2013). This relates the cultural sex phenomena to the present social reality. The article also addresses the question of sexual health problems that affect many in the society like the inability to maintain an erection or climaxing too soon. The advice to such problems relates to the gene ral society and thus shapes the public opinion on handling such problems. For example, the articles frame the questions and answers of low testosterone, denied sexual activity, and unfaithfulness in sexual affairs (New York Times, 2013). These questions apply to both males and females and their response therefore shapes the public opinion. Moreover, cases of sexual affairs between partners of different ages also suffice in this research. Nevertheless, th

Leadership and mangement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Leadership and mangement - Essay Example Since the concept of patient-centered care is increasingly emphasized in today’s healthcare environment, responding to patient feedback, grievances, and complaints are very important. Under this patient care model, patients have the right to file complaints and grievances if they are not satisfied with the health services received (Kaplan, 2014). Healthcare organizations are legally obliged to comply with federal regulations and Joint Commission standards while dealing with patient grievances and complaints (Dearmon, n.d.). This is inevitable for nurses to promote patient safety and to reduce their liability risk. Generally, patient grievances may be about unmet care expectations, offensive staff behavior, immediate discharges, compromising of confidentiality, treatment without informed consent, or any other unethical healthcare practice (ECRI Institute, 2010). According to Duxbury and Wittington (2005), addressing grievances involves difficult tasks as patients’ grieva nces can be different. An inexperienced nurse cannot easily handle the situation as there may not be a particular procedure for dealing with each type of patient grievances. As Devers, Pham and Liu point out (2004), even experienced nursing staff are not completely informed of the regulations and standards set by Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, the Joint Commission, and other government entities. Hence they become confused when they are required to handle situations of patient grievances. Generally patients may not be familiar with the grievance process, and therefore it is the duty of the nursing staff to assist clients to file their grievances. According to O’Daniel and Rosenstein (2008), good communication is the key to the effective execution of the grievance process because proper communication will avoid misunderstanding, and hence will

Defending the Purpose Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Defending the Purpose - Essay Example Other law enforcement agencies focus more on the analysis of data derived from police reports, suspect information, and other collected data to aid the investigation process (Osborne and Wernicke, 2003). Many law enforcement authorities and agencies are seeking the services of crime analysts so as to help them carry out a wide range of analysis thereby enabling them to follow up crimes, investigate cases, and identify criminals. The aim of every crime analyst is to find useful information embedded within the various forms of evidences including data and reports in order to facilitate effective investigation. As such, crime analysis is an important component of law enforcement that works to aid the process through analysis of various crime data. The crime analysis process is essentially information-driven and involves collection, collation, analysis, data modification, dissemination, and feedback (Boba-Santos, 56). Collection of data is a crucial step towards gathering all the required information. This allows an in-depth analysis of the matter in the light of the available information. The different matters are examined and collated so as to draw up a meaningful image of the scenario. Data modification involves a change in data collection and analysis based on the process of crime analysis (Boba-Santos, 58). Next, the analysts disseminate the information in a quite detailed manner such that only the most germane information is presented. With the advent of technological softwares the crime analysis process is aided by various analytical programs that allow deep analysis of the available data in electronic form. This is complemented by further developments that allow useful analytics and statistical variables for examining the data from a critical perspective. However, it must be noted that analysis and statistical reporting is just one aspect of crime analysis. Hence, crime analysis is aided by both qualitative and quantitative methods of research. The

Homework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Homework - Essay Example There were contrasting opinions over the presence of a foreign material in the bottle. While the plaintiff’s believed that it was a condom, the analysts of the Coca Cola Company denied these allegations by terming the foreign particle as being a mold which resembled a condom. Also, Coca Cola argued that the case should not stand as there was no physical injury to any of the plaintiffs and the extent of mental distress as claimed cannot be quantifiable. The Court was therefore left to interpret the validity of the impact rule in cases of emotional distress which is not associated by physical injury. The court was also left to pass a judgment on whether the impact rule was applicable in this case or should it be abolished or amended in Florida. In this case, the court concluded that although it could not validate any impact for which it could apply the impact rule. In my view, the court had rightly made the decision since the plaintiffs could not establish the extent of the emotional distress as a fear of contracting a physical illness alone does not constitute a legally compensable injury. 2. In any society, there are four main functions of law which include Peacekeeping or social control, justice in the society, Environment protection, and personal freedom. The first function mentioned above is peacekeeping which essentially works by dissuading criminals and anti-social elements from indulging in anti-social activities by rule making which deters any such action through knowledge of punishments that may result as a consequence. The Tort system is one example which assures that every person is entitled to financial claim on the other in the event of any physical harm. This ensures that people do not fight or disrupt peace over such issues. Law also results in the provision of economic growth by promoting competition. Various anti-trust laws ensure that small businesses are

The Research Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

The Research Project - Assignment Example The rate of usage or even its rate of vacancy is a vital variable for the industry of hospitality. Just the way the owner of a company would wish that a productive tool is put into use as much as possible (unlike the paying of fixed costs whereas the company is not productive) so do hotels, restaurants and theme parks try to capitalize on the number of clients in all sectors. This resulted in the establishment of services with the objective of increasing the rate of usage offered by the consolidators of hotels. Information regarding the provided or needed items is brokered on the networks of business that are used by sellers and buyers. The objectives of this research are establishment of the evolution and growth of the industry of tourism, and its trends. Rationale The study of tourism as a field of academics is a recent matter, and has over the last few years seen rapid developments in the research focus together with methodological sophistication. The tracking of these changes off ers insights into the development and growth of research in the field, and citing the areas that require further focus. The industry of tourism and hospitality in the United Kingdom has come up as one of the major industries that drive the growth and development of the services sectors in the industry (Pechlaner et al., 2009). Tourism in the United Kingdom and the world as a whole has seen considerable development in the recent years and the nation has serious potential of becoming a major destination for tourists. The tourism industry of the country is doing well because of a rise in the number of tourists that come from abroad and greater number of the citizens that travel to the domestic destinations to view various attractions. Over the past few years, the actual growth has come from within the local sector since more than ten million people from within the country travel to see the attractions in a year. This consequently leads to a growth in the per capita income and improved lifestyles. This research therefore intends to establish the evolution and growth of the industry of tourism, and its trends. Research Ethics The researcher will apply Human Research Ethics for the use of questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. The major concern for this research will be the safety of the participants. This will be attained by assessing the risks and possible gains of the research and by using the information available for monitoring the progress of the project. Participants’ written approval will be sought and they will be informed that the information gathered for the research project will not be used for any other purpose than the intended. Care will also be taken to protect confidential and sensitive information and participants will be informed of any unanticipated findings that may affect them. Literature review According to Dann et al (2008), taking a look at different industries, we find that barriers to entry by the new entrants and competitiv e advantage between the existing players are very fundamental. Among some other things, the players in the industry of hospitality and tourism find benefits in the old classics (site), initial and continuing support on investment (which is reflected in the facilities material maintenance and the luxuries situated within), and specific themes of promotion arm that the

The Influence of Information Literacy on Scholarship, Practice, and Leadership Essay Example for Free

The Influence of Information Literacy on Scholarship, Practice, and Leadership Essay Information Literacy is a crucial portion of the scholarship, practice, and leadership model. Information Literacy that is utilized in a clinical setting by Physicians, Physician Assistants, and Nursing staff help to determine the type of care that is provided to patients. â€Å"Information competence is a basis for long-life learning competence and is necessary in any way of learning† (Tursheva, 2009, p. 127). As a scholar, practitioner, and leader, one must possess the knowledge and the ability to access various types of information. At the VA Hospital medical staff must all be knowledgeable of software that allows them to access the numerous amounts of patient data the assists them daily in performing their medical duties. Access to the internet or taking a trip to the local library is an everyday occurrence in the life of a medical student. Because of their career choice, they are constantly on a quest for new and vital information. We live in an information society. All individuals have the opportunity to enhance their way of thinking and change their lives personally or professionally. â€Å"Often information competence is defined as a skill of searching, evaluating, using, and distributing all kinds of information, which is developed during our whole life† (Tursheva, 2009, p. 127). Throughout hospitals in today’s society, there are medical libraries and journals available for medical students to use to broaden their knowledge as it relates to providing the proper treatment for their patients. Medical students serve as scholars. They continue to look for new and improved ways to enhance their knowledge in the medical field. The information they obtain is crucial for their development. Information literacy must continue throughout their careers. â€Å"Information literacy is not remedial, it is foundational† (Badke, 2009, p. 49). See more: how to write a scholarship essay for study abroad In a clinical setting, medical information changes on a daily basis. Physicians serve as practitioners in the medical community. They provide key information to medical students, residents, as well as nursing staff that help with their growth and development. Simons, Morgan, and Davidson (2012) stated, â€Å"in order for physicians to practice medicine successfully and become learners for life, they need to know how to search and manage the medical information they discover within their patient-centered context.† As a practitioner, physicians understand that these skills are necessary in order for their medical students and other medical staff becomes experts in their chosen field. As a scholar and leader in the area of medicine, it is imperative to understand how to work as a team to provide the best possible care to patients. â€Å"Educators are responding to complexities of today’s medical knowledge by developing educational programs based on current learning theories, such as enactivism, where learning takes place within teams that are actively engaged in clinical environments† (Davidson, Morgan, Simons, 2012, p. 291). This results in more patients that can place their trust in physicians and nurses who know how to work together as a team. Leaders provide an opportunity for students to grow. Upon entering college medical students are unaware of the importance of information literacy. They fail to understand the purpose that it will serve in their everyday lives. According to Russell (2009), â€Å"today’s students don’t have a clear understanding of what it means to obtain scholarly information that is useful† (p. 92). Staff physicians at the VA Hospital serve as leaders. They are solely responsible for the medical knowledge they provide medical students and residents. Because medical information is constantly changing, as leaders, they have to be prepared to adapt. â€Å"This learning must include access to evidence-based medical literature to make informed decisions, thus making information literacy a central activity of the team responsible for the care of patients† (Davidson, Morgan, Simons, 2012, p. 291). At the VA Hospital medical literature is readily available on all of the computers as well as a plethora of other information sources for the medical residents to make the best decisions regarding patient care. Information literacy provides the opportunity to access a variety of information utilizing different sources. This information provides needed knowledge to support ideas. Information literacy skills allow the adaptation to changing environments which serves as a support tool for better decision making in everyday life.

The Several Factors Which Are Behind The Cultural Penetration Cultural Studies Essay

The Several Factors Which Are Behind The Cultural Penetration Cultural Studies Essay This research paper explains the several factors which are behind the cultural penetration of west in Pakistani Elite society. It discusses how culture has become a bond that ties and differentiates the people of various society, region and community together. The research will give awareness to the people of our society about conserving Pakistani culture; about how it plays an important role in making them united and unified. It also identifies the different segments which are behind the increased globalization that has penetrated the western culture in Pakistani society, especially through media, lifestyle, language and family systems. KEYWORDS: Culture, Globalization. THE CULTURAL INCURSION OF WEST IN PAKISTANI ELITE SOCIETY CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background The term culture has been used by various philosophers since decades. Raymond Williams claim it to be the most difficult word in English language The word culture has different meanings to evaluate human activity (Williams et al., 1976). Culture means to cultivate (Harper, 2008). Findley and Rothney describes it as, systems of symbols and meanings that even its creator contest, it lacks fix boundaries that are completely in flux and they interact and compete with one another (Findley and Rothney et al., 2006). All these authors describe it of being system of symbols that have blur boundaries. The bottom line is that how do we recognize them as those symbols? The answer to this is provided by Williams who say they culture is what is embedded in music, scriptures, literature, lifestyle, painting, theatres and other related things (Williams et al., 1976). These symbols are somehow alike in all the cultures. Due to rapid globalization and interaction of the past, these dimensions influen ce one culture or the other. This study will discuss the impact of western culture on Pakistani culture. Cultural penetration is the incorporation of other culture and language into ones own. Cultural penetration can take the form of general attitude as well. In this study, the focus is on the Western culture penetrating inside Pakistani Culture. Western cultures have been influencing other cultures worldwide. This is so because people equate Westernization (adoption of Western customs) with Modernization (adoption of scientific development). Westernization can be defined as a process whereby societies adopt the western culture in matters of trade, machinery, political affairs, finances, law, standard of living, diet, language, belief or morals. Westernization had an enveloping and fast influence across Pakistan in the last few centuries. This ever increasing era of globalization has increased the power of western culture in Pakistan, amongst the rich especially because of their easy contact with the western foodstuffs, media and other products. Many western food chains can be seen in the major cities of Pakistan. Western dress has become a symbol of status and honor among the youth and the business industry. Families no more share the family time together they use to in the past; rather they are more cautious about their privacy. Obsession with English is the major issue. People who read and write English very well can hardly understand Urdu. Even those who cannot speak English, try doing so as to look stylish. 1.2 Statement of the Problem The study identifies the factors behind the cultural penetration of West in Pakistani Elite society. It has been observed that people of Pakistani society feel pride in exercising westernized culture and tradition. They are being deviated from their own cultural norms and are adopting a more westernized approach. The main role played in increasing such behavior is because of the media, which is spreading the norms of the west. Pakistani societys lifestyles, family relations, dressing, education has changed drastically and is not what it used to be some years back. 1.3 Purpose of the Problem The study targets the characteristics which plays a significant role on the influence of western culture into Pakistani culture. 1.4 Research Question What are the main factors behind cultural penetration of west which are influencing Pakistani Elite society? 1.5 Justification of the problem The study can give awareness to the people of our society about conserving Pakistani culture; about how it plays an important role in making them united and unified. It can help people to understand the urgency to preserve Pakistani culture by providing a documented form of material that highlights the good and bad effects of adopting western culture. Fundamentally, culture makes use of artifacts and rituals to pass on notions of identity, which is observed to be missing in the Elite class of our Pakistani society. 1.6 Scope and Limitations Due to limited time span and shortage of research tools available the research was conducted only by the help of BBA and BSSS first and second year students who targeted the questionnaires on the elite class of Karachi. Chapter 2 Literature Review Culture is the awareness of traditions, ethics and way of life of a group of people. It is represented through various customs and traditions, arts, literature and costumes. Culture exists in different forms in different parts of the world. The surroundings greatly influence the lifestyle of people in that region, indirectly shaping cultures. (Manali Oak, Nov 15 2008). In Oaks et al., (2008) article she states that culture is the one common link that connects people of different religions or communities together. The traditions a group of people follow, the events they celebrate, their attire, food and above all the cultural beliefs they share, bring them together. Cultures are affected by people who accept its change and who resist them too. All these cultural ideas and beliefs for a matter of fact can change. Communal argument and the developing technologies give rise to changes within a society by altering social dynamics and advancing new cultural models or giving way to them. These social shifts are accompanied by ideological models and other cultural variations, for instance, people observing western cultures through media and then exercising them in their lives. Most prominently, western influence is observed to be seen in the Pakistani elite society. Their complete lifestyle and mentality is of the west and they, in no manner represent to be Pakistani. It can be seen clearly that how Pakistani elite class is discouraging their own culture to adopt modernization. (Dr Manzur Ejaz). The influence of west on the elite is basically being transferred through media. Media is playing a very vital role in portraying western culture, which is seemingly very attractive. Media is an agent of socio-political, cultural and economic change in our age and can strengthen or destabilize a society. The elite families of Pakistan can afford to live such a life which is full of westernized culture. They are moving away from their own culture (Muhammad Abbas, 2003). Muhammad Abbas et al., (2003) stated that its high time to fortify our socio-cultural practices. Our values are being invaded by the west through Cable TV. Media should lay their role in constructing faith and pride in our wonderful past, our values and the way of living. We have glorious norms and social strata which ought to be preserve, strengthen and encouraged. He emphasized on the fact that media can remove the negativity from Pakistani elite class because they are in transition. Their lifestyle is changing becau se of media and education and this particular change needs to smooth the progress in a positive manner. The elite families in Pakistan live a life closely similar to western families. for example the concept of family is different in west as compared to other Asian countries. Most western families consist of parents with average of 1-3 children. It is very common that parents are employed full time and are at work while their children are at school or daycare facility. Same is the case with Pakistani society. The children are now use to of living alone and independently without their parents at home. S, Venier (2004) stated that the American culture moves through every communicating medium. English as an international language for trade and politics is the strong tool for transmission of western culture. As English makes it way becoming a global language, it also becomes clear that although the forces driving the language and culture differ greatly but the two cannot be separated. Journalist S.M Hussain states that due to the increasing globalization; it is difficult to predict the impact of western culture on eastern cultures lifestyle in the future. Due to all of this Pakistanis have opened themselves up. Scholars in Pakistan admit in Daily Times Monitor (2008) that the extreme westernization has swept Pakistani culture. The extended family system, a feature of Pakistani cultural society has died away, especially amongst the elite classes who are exposed to American culture and now care more about their privacy. The young generation now seldom cares about their elders. Meal choices changed from Rice and Chapatti to KFC, McDonalds and Pizza Huts. Traditional drinks have switched to Coke and Pepsi. They feel pride in speaking English than Urdu. Dr. Ahmed Rashid Malik (2009) states that perhaps it is some colonial chip we are carrying on our shoulders, which focuses on us to acknowledge the western culture as cool and hip. Perhaps, we are still so much in awe of the white men that we cannot even see their faults and our own virtues. It is not as if it is just one area of the city that is affected by this, day by day it is seen that the entire place divided into little elite clutches of people is affected by this westernization. The influenced drive the latest cars, chatter away on their latest cell phones and wear designer Italian clothes, no matter if they do not even know how to pronounce their names properly. Hence we are a race of people with a culture that spans generations of grandeur, yet we want to throw that all away for just a small place in our minds that resides as pro-western elite. (Hussain, S.M) CHAPTER 3 3.1 FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS This study describes the important factors which are playing a significant role in bringing change to the mentality and lifestyle of the Pakistani elite society. 75 questionnaires were filled and analysis was concluded. The sample size was of 75 persons, out of which 34 were female, representing 45.3% and 41 male who are 54.7% of the total population. The age is dispersed from 18 to 62. Majority of respondents lie in the age group of 20 to 26. Respondents agreed that media is playing an important role in bringing western approaches. They justified that family relation is the segment of life which is affected the most by western culture. It has been proved that western incursion does exist in the Pakistani elite society. People of elite society are in many forms and segments of life adopting western ideology. There is a crisis of self identity prevailing within the people. It is revealed by the research that educational sector is the least affected segment of life by the western cultural penetration. The greatest change brought about by the western incursion is on the lifestyle of the elite Pakistani people. It is exposed after the research that family values are at stake because of the cultural penetration. Individual ambitions and benefits are more prioritized over mutual goals. Urdu being the national language is undermined and English is given more encouragement officially and unofficially. American lifestyle is commonly believed to be the most fascinating and appealing lifestyle, which is taken as most trendy and popular. 3.2 RECOMMENDATIONS AND SOLUTIONS As it is revealed to us that western cultural penetration exists in our society, there lie some responsibilities for us to undertake. Since it has rooted underneath the surfaces so immensely, it will not be easy to remove it from the society in a short span of time, for it requires much of hard work and struggle from everyone. Firstly, it is the job of the parents of our society to give correct guidance from the very beginning to their children so that they learn to appreciate their own culture. It is very important to differentiate between the cultures and to accept what is ours and like it from within. Secondly, all the educational institutions must also encourage their students to celebrate the national and traditional customs and festivals, rather than celebrating foreign ones. These institutions should also try to preserve the true value of Urdu as our national language. They must struggle to maintain the level of Urdu in the eyes of the students and to make them understand that it is good to speak English but Urdu must never be forgotten. Thirdly, the responsibility lies in the hands of each individual. Every one of us should encourage and appreciate our own Pakistani culture and should feel pride in doing so. We all should try to make people the importance of being under the label of ones own culture and country. As media is approached by everyone, it plays a very important role in portraying our culture. It should promote and preserve Pakistani culture in all the ways possible. Media should discourage the portrayal of those programs which in any way harms our culture. When lifestyle is considered, it is good to be advanced and technologically developed but we do not need to adopt those segments of lifestyle which deviate us from our culture and religion. Because one can only look best in exercising own culture and lifestyle. To cope up with the identity crisis, it is important to make the victims understand that following others just for the sake of fashion is no good to anyone. One should always be confident about his/her own talent and abilities and never under estimate oneself. 3.3 CONCLUSION It has been observed that the elite society in Pakistan are opposing their own culture and are more interested to follow western culture in their daily life. This can be called upon as western cultural penetration, which is slowly eroding Pakistani culture unnoticeably. This is referred as a problem because in the cycle of the society the new traditions are set from the upper social class and then followed by the lower social classes. Therefore it is very necessary that the elite class should be very conscious towards this social issue and takes care of what they think as culturally acceptable tradition.

Programmable Logic Controller System Plc

Programmable Logic Controller System Plc Two decades ago, machines were simple and work in factories was, for the most part, manual in nature. Machines were designed to be manually controlled. Today, if people look for around them will find many things have the control systems, which are necessary to organize the complex devices. The control system is of primary importance for devices and machines in factories, aircraft, cars, and even in some home devices. For this reason, life has become easier and production has dramatically advanced. Now, the control system is acting on behalf of humans, helping them for example to avoid risks in chemical factories, which can be extremely dangerous for humans. Today, it is difficult for people to avoid the use of control systems in the work place. Control systems control complex processes, which regulate the production in huge factories. Without automated control systems, factories face many problems, which would otherwise be very hard to find a solution to. With the beginning of the modern industries, the engineers needed systems to help them to accelerate production and to get high quality at a low cost. Electronic systems in the form of sensors and switches were invented to monitor and control manufacturing and reduce labor and production errors. Switches and sensors were needed to complement programming and hardware and to speed up the analysis of input data and obtain the results to assist the engineers in processing steps. The first system and software used in this area was the SCADA system. However, this system was complex and could not be linked with other monitoring systems. Hence, they invented the PLC, which in turn facilitated the process of programming. Also, it contained many possibilities including its ability to connect easily with other systems in production lines to assist in the development of the production process. PLC, which plays an essential part in the process of automation and control, is one of the most importa nt systems in many factory production lines, and it has more features than other systems. History of PLC Even after Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) were invented, a number of problems with relays remained to be worked out. Many enhancements occurred in the 1960s. In the 70s, they improved more. The ability to communicate between PLCs was added. This created a space between the controlling circuit and the machine it was controlling. Other problems had occurred in the 1980s, but they were controlled. Also during the 1980s, PLCs were made much smaller. Many more ways a PLC could be programmed were developed in the 90s. Overall, industries still use PLC in many ways and it is likely they will continue to be used for a long time to come. (Amunrud, 2002) Definition PLC stands for programmable logic controller, which is a device with many useful and helpful applications. PLCs are used in place of other electromechanical systems. In addition, PLCs can also control the systems of production, manufacturing, and semiconductor machines. PLCs can be designed to be used in extreme situations such as, high temperature, high humidity, and in conditions of extreme noise around very large machines .The data of PLCs can be very different. For example, PLCs in factories are all about speed and accuracy, so they depend on the ingredients and measures. However, PLCs used in traffic systems are all about organization (SIMATIC manual 2004). How PLC Works: A programmable logic controller (PLC) receives and collects input data from measurement devices, such as sensors and switches, then analyzes information of these input data at a high rate responding with program instructions as a process computer. After that, the PLC sends back the results as output data to the final devices, like motors, based on outcome estimated (Bern and Olsen, 2002). According to Bryan (1997), PLCs are capable of storing instructions, such as sequencing, timing, counting, arithmetic, data manipulation, and communication, to control industrial machines and processes. Reprogramming a PLC accepts changes on the functional operation of a machine system without main physical changes in the control or output system components or wiring (Cox, 2001). Therefore, a programmable logic controller needs an integrated system consisting of software and hardware. PLC hardware components A complete programmable logic controller (PLC), including all input/output (I/O) modules, is called a station. Every station has at least one module rack containing a power supply and a central processing unit module. Input/output modules create the link to the machine or plant. The parts of a station were illustrated below: Power supply (PS): it provides internal supply voltage, which is either 120V/220V AC, or 24V DC. A central processing unit (CPU): the CPU, which stores and processes the I/O data, is a memory and processer. Input and Output modules (I/O): they are receiving and sending data through network from the measurement devices to motors. Interface Module (IM): it connected the different racks with each other. A programming device: the two main things in the programming device are communicators and personal computers that help the programmers to create and insert the programs to the PLC. Human Machine Interface (HMI): it is a display and touch panel where operators can observe and manage the critical equipments. Those PLC components are working together to reach the objective of controlling the system .The input modules, or points, used by a PLC depends upon the types of input devices used. Some input modules or points react to digital inputs, also called separate inputs, which is either 0/1, on or off statements. Other modules or inputs react to analog signals. These analog signals represent machine or process conditions as a range of current values or voltage. The primary function of a PLC that has input circuitry is to cause these various switches to convert the signals and sensors into logical signals that can be used by the CPU. The CPU evaluates the status of inputs, outputs, and other variables as it executes a stored program. The CPU then sends signals to update the status of outputs. The output modules convert control signals from the CPU into either digital or analog values that can be used to control various output devices. The programming device is used to enter or change the PLC s program or to monitor or change stored values. Once entered and programmed, the associated variables are stored in the CPU. In addition to these basic elements, a PLC system may also include an operator interface device to simplify monitoring of the machine or process. Figure 2.0 below explains how the process of how PLCs connect in industry. Figure 2.0 this figure explained the whole system work. In addition to these basic elements, a PLC system may also include an operator machine interface device to simplify monitoring of the machine or process. Example shown below, pushbuttons (sensors) connected to PLC inputs is use connected to a PLC output through a motor starter (actuator). No programming device or operator interfaces are shown in figure 3.0. Figure 3.0: It show the input, CPU and output In previous figure 3.0 it describe the input signal which is came from pushbutton and received by CPU module in PLC rack which analyzing the data and send it to the motor starter then start and stop the motor depends on the type of signal. Sensors are devices that convert a physical condition into an electrical signal, such as a pushbutton that are connected to the input of a PLC. An electrical signal indicating the order (open or closed) of the pushbutton contacts is sent from the pushbutton to the PLC. Actuators that connected to the PLC output are devices that convert an electrical signal to a physical order from a controller, such as a PLC. A motor starter is one model of an actuator that regularly connected to a PLC output. Depending on the status of the PLC output, the motor starter either supply power to the motor or prevents power from flowing to the motor (figure 4.0). Figure 4.0: more description on PLC from discrete Input to discrete output In figure, 4.0 it is described in more details when the PLC rack received the signal which is came to input module then send the signal to CPU which analyze it and send the result to the output module. PLC Programming: Numerical systems are useful in most programs, as they are when used in conjunction with Programmable Logic Controllers to make programs. The basic function of programming devices is to show, store, and operate. The numerical system is the most important element of programming a Programmable Logic Controller. The number systems usually encountered while using programmable controllers are base 2, base 8, base 10, and base 16. These systems are called binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal, respectively. Using a binary numerical system, which uses 2 as the base, and only allows the use of digits 0 and 1 where there are no 2s, 3s , and so on, is used in programming. In devices such as computers and programmable logic controllers, the binary system is useful. It is an easier way to design programs to deal with machines that analyze between only two entries or numbers to start or stop. For example, 0 and 1 represent on and off, respectively. The octal system acts in place of the binary n umber system by using fewer digits. The octal system uses the number 8 as a base and only allows eight digits starting with 0 and ending with 7 (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7). Also, with other systems, using hexadecimal further reduces the number of digits in the programming language and coding system (Bryan, 1997). Leader logic is the main method of programming used in PLCs. This method is used to build the whole program by using the numerical system to save the program in the CPUs memories. In this section, many programs have their own language and PLCs have their own special language, which must be expanded and developed. Programming languages helps the programmer and user to build and enter a control program into PLCs. Types of PLC languages that are used in programming consist of three types: Leader, Boolean, and Grafcet. The Leader and Boolean actually work in the same way, but they have different ways in their insurrections, which are shown and how to enter into PLCs. The Grafcet language implements control instructions in a different manner, based on steps and actions in a graphic oriented program (Bryan, 1997). PLC programming languages are used in the SIMATIC programming languages to write a user program to control the machines or devices. Programmers have many choices of programming languages and programming methods in SIMATIC. The most useful programming language in PLCs is LAD (Ladder Logic Diagrams). Also programmers can resemble programs by using electronic circuit diagrams (Function Block Diagrams FBD). Those familiar with textual languages or coding languages can use and handle Statement List STL with many complex variables (SIMATIC, 2003). Programmable logic controllers have different languages that offer different advantages and benefits for the process engineers. Different languages in PLC applications help engineers in the complex projects that give the process engineers flexibility in determining which is the most appropriate language to use. The differences between languages in programmable logic controller are in the structure but not in the instruction. For example, LAD uses block symbols language, but STL uses coding language. Figure 5.0 below is helpful in describing the differences between the two languages (SIMATIC, 2003). Figure 5.0: it describe the differences between LAD, STL and FBD Figure 5.0 describes three different languages. The first row explains the LAD language. Element symbols, which are described NO contact, stand for normally open contact with the signal 1 (yes) if it is active and 0 (NO) if it is not active. The next symbol NC contact, stands for normally closed contact. In the second row, the FBD language blocks describe other kinds of language in same manner but in different shape. Normally open contact in FBD language appears as a box and it is possible to write the value inside the box. On other hand, normally closed contact is in the same shape of normally open contact but with a small circle by the side of input to express a closed state. STL language has a different formula but the same instruction coding system. In the development of programming, engineers can convert the program display from one language to the other to check and correct instructions. All subprograms and instructions in different languages for devices and machines could work together as one program to achieve the process needs (Berger, 2008). Advantages of programmable logic controller (PLC) PLC has many advantages that make it a unique process controller. The advantages are always increasing. Programmers, operators, and engineers prefer the PLCs over other control systems, because of their simplicity, security, and reliability. PLC Is Simple and Flexible No control systems are easy or simple, but PLCs have emerged as comparatively simple and easy to other leading process control systems. In PLC is easy to add or remove any ending device without affected the whole process. Also, PLC has the flexibility to monitor and correct the system anytime even though the plant On-line situation or Off-line situation (SIMATIC, 2003). PLC Is Distributed Allocated controlling system implicates many computers and stations on network occupied to gather. PLC is created to make allocated controlling system smooth with the networking faculty and equipments that are inseparably joined to it. PLC is considered the sender and receiver on writing network system files. Also, PLC is able to work with the hardware parts and the software side of the computer, including those operating systems Windows 95 and NT, the Macintosh, XP and Vista (SIMATIC, 2003). PLC Is Secure The security in PLC is excellent. It is one of the first control program that has the most powerful protection from risks, losing data and the damage to the users. Those features have made PLC a sophisticated and useful control program system. Comparing PLC with SCADA from the security side PLC has the greatest result (SIMATIC, 2003). PLC Is Reliable Both reliability and security are important to each control system. PLC is one example of those control systems, which have them. PLC affords multiple points of reliability measures, starting with PLC itself and ending with many of its features. For example, pointers and automatic type conversion are included in PLC . Before PLC is finished doing and start a program it has to check if there is any mistake that it can fix by itself or ask the user about it (SIMATIC, 2003). Conclusion Programmable logic controller (PLC) language has helped develop the control system, and it has become the most useful language. Programmable Logic Controllers have become the language that most companies and factories use. They supply and support engineers with what they need and they keep operators protected from hazardous machines. The potential of programmable logic controllers in controlling systems is almost limitless. Programmable logic controls have fed and supported control systems in many ways. Most process computers utilized in factories with humans have more advantages than disadvantages as a secure system when dealing with complex process. Programmable logic controllers have proven to be an effective and helpful tool in many industries in the past. With their many advantages, they will continue to be useful in the future as well.

A Holiday Deconstruction :: essays research papers

A Holiday Deconstruction By RA   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Everyone looks forward to holiday entertainment. Jordan has faithfully kept the tradition of mounting a holiday show for the entertainment of the student body, staff, and students parents. Notice how à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“communityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? does not follow à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“staff.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Anyway, after watching the show A Holiday Celebration I was appalled by the misuse of Christmas themes. So many things were wrong with the show. First off, the Ghetto Holiday Skit: ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s starts off as a predictably funny opening between two half-witted burglars who take too long too enter the damn house, and when they do, they have the audacity to continue (discussing) or alluding the window. What completely destined a potentially comical skit was the sexual insinuation that shamelessly demoted those with an alternate lifestyle to objects of derision if anyone with a social conscious saw the skit; they had to notice the aforementioned.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Secondly, the Santa Claus bit: Okay, I will give you this: we all need comedy in our lives. However, do we need comedy at the expense of other? Ask yourself this, how did overweight people feel about being made fun of? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Damn these childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Do we need children to be damned more than they already are. I mean, what is wrong with this? We grow up believing St. Nick exists but do we need to also believe that he is a drunk who holds grudges against kids? Think about it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Third, the models: lack of professionalism on their part. Who models their own style? (Own clothes) But hey, at least they incorporated à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“bigà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The two main problems with the show or any Jordan shows is the lack of diversity. Jordan is a tapestry of diverse cultures, yet only one is predominantly represented onstage. If youà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢re intelligent, you might figure which group of people! If we preach diversity, lets practice it, please. The other problem is the gospel singing.

polymers :: essays research papers

Cornstarch is an example of a polymer. Polymers are long strains of molecules that keep repeating and have different properties of the original single molecule group. A single section of a polymer is called a monomer. It resembles the simplest form of the repeating portion of the entire polymer. These polymers may get stretched when you make a mixture such as cornstarch and water. This mixture behaves a certain way. There are many theories on why this may occur. One theory is because the strands get tangled, making it hard for them to slide against each other. Stretched molecules would offer more resistance to movement, like the resistance of a stretched rubber band. However, this argument does explain why rapid motion (stirring, shaking, etc.) increases viscosity, which is the property of a fluid that offers resistance to flow. Cornstarch and water is a non-Newtonian, organic fluid. Fluids can fall under different sub groups. They are either Non-Newtonian or Newtonian. They can also be either organic or non organic. Non﷓Newtonian Fluids are a group of liquids that change viscosity when they are stirred, shaken, or otherwise agitated. Cornstarch and water acts differently depending on whether it is still or agitated. This kind of fluid is called a dilatant. It becomes more viscous (has a relatively high resistance to flow) when agitated or compressed. The viscosity of a non-Newtonian fluid is also dependant on temperature. Cornstarch would decrease in viscosity if put in a boiling pot (it would become thinner). Examples of Newtonian fluids include motor oils, mineral oils, gasoline, kerosene, and most salt solutions in water.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The most popular explanation for the behavior of cornstarch and water is that when sitting still, the tiny grains of starch are surrounded by water. The surface tension of the water keeps it from completely flowing out of the spaces between the grains. The lubrication of water allows the granules to move freely. However, if the movement is abrupt (shaking, stirring, poking, slapping, etc.) the water is squeezed out from between the granules and the friction between them increases dramatically.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Other examples of polymers are present in our everyday lives. Water-resistant paints and varnishes derive from a family of synthetic polymers called acrylics. Polystyrene foam, or styrafoam, is used when making cartons to protect eggs, or making packing peanuts to cushion fragile objects for shipping. It insulates, so people put drinks in foam cups and coolers to keep the warm ones warm and the cold ones cold.

SPIRIT LIFTER :: essays research papers

SPIRIT LIFTER >God has kept me here for a reason. >I survived because he has a plan for me. >All my bad relationships, the bad credit, the >repossessions, the death of my loved ones, >the back stabbing from my friends, the negative thoughts, >or the lack of support, I made it because I am blessed! >I release and let go of all past hurts, misunderstandings and grudges >because I am blessed! >I recognize them as the illusions they are, for God is all there is. >All else is a lie! >Now give yourself a hug, wipe your tears and walk in victory!!!!!!!! I >love you, but more appropriately God loves you BEST! Be blessed and >know that you are at one with THE SPIRIT OF THE LIVING GOD! And may the Lord >keep watch between you and me when we are away from each other. >Genesis 31:49. Amen! >Now since you are a true child of God, you know that with every >blessing, a blessing is required! So bless another, by passing this on. Have a Blessed Day. Mabel Do you Yahoo!? SPIRIT LIFTER >God has kept me here for a reason. >I survived because he has a plan for me. >All my bad relationships, the bad credit, the >repossessions, the death of my loved ones, >the back stabbing from my friends, the negative thoughts, >or the lack of support, I made it because I am blessed! >I release and let go of all past hurts, misunderstandings and grudges >because I am blessed! >I recognize them as the illusions they are, for God is all there is. >All else is a lie! >Now give yourself a hug, wipe your tears and walk in victory!!!!!!!! I >love you, but more appropriately God loves you BEST! Be blessed and

Mahatma Gandhis Influence on the Civil Rights Movement of the United States Essay

Mahatma Gandhi’s Influence on the Civil Rights Movement of the United States Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The influence of Mahatma Gandhi relating to peace movement was experienced as early as in 1920’s. His long-lasting dedication and support of passive resistance finally led to Indian gaining full independence in 1948. Gandhi fought for the Indians’ rights in South Africa in his stay there. He fought to ensure that immigrant Indians who shaped an image of African blacks in United States enjoyed equal rights during civil rights movement. The similarity had a weighty impact on the blacks’ interests in following what Gandhi showed them in Gandhi back in south Africa, a struggle which is non violent, with an aim of extending the same to America. The United States citizens and particularly African Americans have been receiving constant flow of information concerning the Indian struggle of freedom which was led by Mahatma Gandhi. Murial Lester who was Gandhi’s friend toured America during 1930’s delivering speech es concerning non violent undertakings of Mahatma Gandhi.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The struggle for independence by Indians got many supporters and sympathizers, inside as well as outside peace movement. The undertakings of the struggle which was non violent between 1930-1933 all- India operations were being reported by united state’s newspapers by man journalists for example Webb Miller and Negley Farson. Progressives and liberals of different kinds were inspired by the struggles which were successful against imperialism and colonialism. When Gandhi was undertaking his non violent resistance concept he was inspired by advice from Henry David Thoreau’s relating to resisting things which were not right.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thoreau gave an advice that people could defy immoral an immoral action by government by not cooperating. Mahatma Gandhi implemented many thoughts from Thoreau in developing his concept of Truth force or satyagraha (non cooperation)4. One of the most critical and tangible effects that India has had on life in America was the influence of mahatma Gandhi on Luther King who was a leader of the civil rights, who implemented the Gandhi’s thought of civil disobedience to the united states’ civil rights movement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Luther king at all times paid tribute to Mahatma Gandhi to be one of the most significant sources of his own values. Luther king in 1959 he made a pilgrimage to India. Martin Luther king who was a Baptist minister received much of his philosophy relating to resisting evil nonviolently from the holy Bible, from the king’s undertaking of the Jesus teachings and also from particular pacifist threads in the traditions of the Christians. Nevertheless, Luther king was highly inspired by particular non- Christian ideologies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Perhaps the most significant of these ideologies was nonviolence philosophy which was practiced by Mahatma Gandhi who was a spiritual leader who led India’s independence movement in first half of the twentieth century. Gandhi’s philosophy of non violence was not completely non-Christian since it was informed by both extensive studying of other moral and religious traditions including Christianity and also from his Hindu background.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Also Gandhi was mentored by count Leo Tolstoy, who was a famous novelist of Russian origin who supported and adopted â€Å"back -to -basics’’ pacifist version of Christianity which was radical and was based on the factual understanding of Sermon on the Mount. Throughout history many individuals have resisted using violence and have refrained participating in war. Pacifism means deciding to be ineffectual and even resisting from participating in the righteous fights. Many good individuals have deemed it necessary to balance between being warlike and too violent versus being defenseless and too passive. Greatest contribution of Mahatma Gandhi to the history and the ground his was such a great influence to Luther King was calling into question this apparent truism that becoming nonviolent means becoming passive.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gandhi used most of his adult life experimenting with nonviolent methods purposed to be effective in the real life and also morally admirable. His argument was always prevailing  over evil, resisting against injustice, standing up for oneself, living with integrity and dignity, etc. never necessitates willingness of using violence. In this regard Gandhi argued that there are many other strategies that can be used instead of violence. Martin Luther king from a tender was convinced that some things in this world are morally unacceptable. The intense racial discrimination of the Black Americans which king experienced was one example however war and poverty among other issues were very significant to him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   He perceived that these vices were morally wrong and were supposed to be opposed and curbed with all the intelligence, courage and strength by all individuals. King was very committed to Christian values and he felt obliged to even love his enemies, not to kill any one and also not to wish ill to anyone. King was faced with a dilemma, a similar dilemma that individuals of conscience have faced always. After discovering Gandhi, Luther king was able to get out of the dilemma.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This is because king was able to realize that it is possible to struggle for the rights of the Black people non violently without using bombs and guns or with propaganda and lies, but with truth and love. Under king’s leadership the civil rights movement was referred to be non violent and non passive. Luther king had always heard regarding Gandhi as a great player in the world scene from his early life however he did not notice Gandhi in a deeper way the time he attended crozer Theological seminary from 1948 to 1951. He was particularly inspired to know more about Gandhi in 1950 after he attended a talk which was delivered by, president of Howard University, Dr. Mordecai Johnson.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Johnson had returned from India where he had visited and he had a lot to say concerning the nonviolent direct action by Gandhi. King took an action where he bought several books narrating about Gandhi and engaging himself in the mission of comprehending all he could relating to the Indian leader and also his philosophy. King had believed that ‘love your enemies’ philosophy and ‘The turn the other cheek’ philosophy were only valid when people were in a disagreement with other people; when racial groups and states were in conflict, a more realistic approach deemed necessary.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a result it was starting in 1955 when Luther king became actively engaged in planning and executing strategies to struggle against racial discrimination which is experienced in America at the time he decided absolutely to adopt the nonviolent direct action methods by Gandhi. Over many years king was influenced further by other important figures in civil rights movement who admired Gandhi and proponents of nonviolence for instance Bayard Rustin.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   King followed Johnson’s footsteps by making his own pilgrimage to India in 1959.In this visit king was able to meet Gandhi’s family members and also with Jawaharlal Nehru who was the prime minister. Jawaharlal Nehru for decades had been a significant all of Gandhi in the fight for Indian independence. Andrew Young who worked in civil rights movement together with Luther king when he was asked concerning the visit to India in 1959 he mentioned of how king constantly concerning this trip and also talked regarding how Gandhi had influenced his life. He was able to learn more about the meaning of heritage which he had grown up in and also spoke about that.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   He also clarified that – the March on Washington- the entire civil rights movement was a reflection and effort on their part to replicate salt march to the sea by Gandhi. Andrew Young also said that their methods and teachings that they used were all derived from the spirit and life of Mohandas Gandhi. Had Mahatma Gandhi not lived maybe Luther king would have become the leader of the American civil rights movement and also maybe he would have found other ways of embracing the Christian peace and love and also still be successful in resisting against injustice and evil.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, it is evident that the civil rights movement and Martin Luther King would have been very different in absence of the influence of Mahatma Gandhi who was an Indian spiritual leader. After a journey to India which took him a month he returned to America where he rededicated himself to peaceful struggle without using violence for justice to which mahatma Gandhi gave his life to as India’s independence movement leader. King continued adopting Gandhi’s commitments and the Indians passionately adopted king’s campaigns since they both shared common strategies, common struggles and common values.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although Gandhi and king lives were cut short as a result of violence up to date their values have much to teach the world relating to divisiveness, war, discrimination and terrorism. Most Americans know very little concerning Hinduism and only several of them imagine that Hinduism values had any influence concerning development of the American society. However, the little they know relating to Hinduism is probably gotten from their knowledge concerning Mahatma Gandhi. Several Americans understand that Gandhi life’s work and teachings had a tremendous effect on development of the American society all through the civil Rights movement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mahatma Gandhi brought a valuable gift of social justice, of non-violence and of the community service. Gandhi’s life acted as an example and this light illuminates the globe and which saved mankind from our own inhumanity to one another. The torch was handled by numerous hands. Such people included Dr. Benjamin Elijah Mays who was the Morehouse college principal, who had just returned from India being one of the increasing numbers of the African-American disciples of Gandhi. When Luther king joined Morehouse aged 15 years old, Dr. Mays emerged to be one of the huge influences in his life. Therefore, in this regard a torch was passed on.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dr. King and coretta scott king in February 1959 spent one month in India where they studied Gandhi’s march nonviolence techniques as guests of Jawaharlal Nehru, who was a prime minister in India. The effect of the teachings of Gandhi’s teachings and illustration on the life of Dr. Kings was considerable and he carried with him to USA the Gandhi’s message.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Luther king once narrated a story Ebenezer Baptist church congregation in Atlanta concerning his visit to India. In February 2000, Mohan Gundhi arrived at Emory University as a resident fellow, Rev Andrew Young and Bishop Tutu took part in public discussion with him where they discussed concerning violence and Religion in southern states of America. Between January to April in 2000 was pronounced ‘A season for Non- violence,’ which was a public awareness campaign that was led by a group of eight kingandhian non violent fellowships and reconciliation across the nation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The climax of the season took part over spiritual Awareness Week in between March-April in 2000 with fantastic ceremony dedicating honorary degrees posthumously for spiritual leader Gandhi and also his wife at Morehouse College, which is one of the most popular Black colleges in America. Gandhi institute for reconciliation was established at this occasion where massive plague containing the wordsâ€Å" I have a dream’’, Dr. kings jr’s historical speech. The reason why Gandhi was being honored and valued in a nation which is very far from his home country even 50 years following his departure was due to the clout that Gandhi had on civil rights movement and African Americans during 1950’s to 1960’s.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The leader of the American civil rights movement, martin Luther king junior who was later awarded the Nobel peace Prize was greatly influenced by the ideologies of Gandhi and he also advocated the same as a leader of the civil rights movement. The outcomes of the American civil rights movement using the ideologies of Gandhi are evident even today where African Americans are treated equally as the white Americans. There was severe racial discrimination on the Blacks and in South Africa there was an instance where an educated lawyer who was well dressed was harshly thrown out of the train’s first class cabin back in South Africa.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A similar occurrence Montgomery Bus accident in 1955 led to a revolution and his experiments with the genuineness shall be important in leading the civil rights movement. Inspired by Ruskin and Thoreau, Gandhi’s experiments have developed both in size and shape and spread via his printing press in Durban and were successfully adopted in India, south Africa and finally it reached to the Negros. This was an instantaneous event that occurred over a long period of time. Influence of Mahatma Gandhi on peace movement was experienced in early 1920’s.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   John Holmes who was Unitarian minister and a popular debater who was very influential in forming NAACP(National Association for Advancement of colored people) laid down his finding of mahatma Gandhi in a sermon which was titled â€Å"The Christ of Today’’ that was circulated widely. In 1922 he gave another sermon which was titled â€Å"who is the greatest Man in World Today’’ where his description of Gandhi astonished many listeners where most of the listeners had not heard the name Gandhi before. Holmes also published â€Å"My Gandhi’’ in 1953 which was also one of his works where he described his interactions and meetings with Gandhi.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mahatma Gandhi’s autobiography was initially published in United States in magazine unity which John Holmes was the editor. Dandi March spearheaded by Mahatma Gandhi which was a 200 mile walk to Dandi from porbandar has gained popularity and international media coverage where it served also as an inspiration source to many idealists. Inside Asia by John Gunther was widely read in United States where it gave sympathetic portraits of Nehru and Gandhi during this March heightening the significance in Indian independence movement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Before this Gandhi attracted the world attention as he spearheaded the first successful satyagraha which was a Sanskrit word meaning firmness for the truth cause which was finalized by the south Africa’s liberation from the Apartheid reign. The movement which was undertaken simultaneously in South Africa although not fully active got constant source of inspiration from Gandhi’s ideology of active resistance which was based on the principles of non violence. In America the blacks were not fully aware of Gandhi’s initiatives until the emergence of martin Luther king who became their leader. However there was a constant flow of information which assisted in sparking the civil rights movement at times however not on large scale.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Only a small number of the colored individuals mostly educated class and included a minority of blacks who were fully aware of non violent struggle occurring in South Africa in late nineteenth century and early twentieth century in India.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gandhi’s efforts and ideologies also influenced the religious leaders who also were social idealists where they learnt on applying religious insights to both political and social challenges. They were highly inspired by his battle against untouchability and caste.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While Holmes remained to be the leading populariser of the Gandhi’s ideologies in united states also there were also Stanley jones who was a Methodist missionary who highly influenced by his personal familiarity in India; and also Kirby page who was a key figure in peace movement for many decades.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   African American started attending conferences in paris and England on coloured peoples congresses and pan-African where Gandhi’s followers expressed the illogicality of the ordinary plight of â€Å"black and brown races’’. Among the participants from the United States was Du Bois whose association as also that of Marcus Garvey who was All-African leader with expatriate Indian nationalists resulted to a stable stream of them going aboard on lecture tours of United States and conference. There were some whites apart from African Americans who promoted the campaign of equal rights to all the American citizens. These whites were very active in supporting the African Americans where they attended the conferences which were held by Gandhi’s followers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In mid 1920’s they were joined by popular dignitaries such as Rev CF Andrews and also Mirabai who were who close English emissaries, joined by Gertrude Emerson an American journalist Activist who were sent abroad later by Mahatma Gandhi to correct deceptive polemics by British regarding the universality and motivation of the campaign he had spearheaded in India. Other many delegates of the Indian national congress also followed. Popular Negros ministers involved in peace movement were Howard Thurman and Benjamin Mays held interviews with Mahatma Gandhi and he commented to Howard that it may be via the Negros that the pure message of non violence will be delivered around the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Reinhold Niebuhr was another significant character to be dealt with and in his book â€Å"moral man and immoral society’’ he said that Mahatma Gandhi’s non violent technique could be of great importance to a minority group which is being oppressed such as the blacks in America3. Reinhold also added that non violent resistance although it is not an absolute solution for Black Americans, but if it is used in the Gandhi’s manner then this could result to justice which is unattainable through moral persuasion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However it was until 1950’s when this Gandhi’s ideology was implemented in civil rights movement. Therefore each important step in the Gandhi’s struggle including his fasting, successful satyagrahas like the salt march, imprisonment, together with his powerful personal messages to the American Negroes were printed and distributed across the leading Black magazines and papers and also the independent church newsletters.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Specifically the most popular among them were crisis which was edited by Du Bois since 1910 together with Harlem Renaissance, the National council of churches, Atlanta Daily World, Christian century, The Chicago Defender, unity, Baltimore Afro-American, the American Negro Labor Council and the Norfolk Guide intensified Gandhi’s coverage in 1920’s and also 1930’s and also featured articles from the growing traffic between. American south and Gandhi’s India beginning with the opening African- American delegation, in order to meet Mahatma Gandhi in 1936.Black America joined in celebrations of India’s independence with a delegation which was led by Benjamin Mays and Mordecai Johnson leaving for New Delhi. Many writers had been greatly influenced by Mahatma Gandhi and also their writings had a significant impact beyond the peace movement. Such writers included Chester Bowles, Louis Fischer, Edmond Taylor, Vinc ent Sheean, Pearl Buck, Herrymon Maurer, Frances And John Gunther.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gandhi had a great influence on martin lather king who was the leader of American civil rights movement thus this movement was operated and based on the Gandhi’s ideas and principles which had a lot of influence on many people even in America. This is because king who was the leader of the American movement of civil rights in the United States embraced Gandhi’s methodology and philosophy in struggling for justice. He became a great follower and an avid preacher of Gandhian principles.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   King believed strongly that the moral justice can be acquired in the rightful approach through taking the method of non- violence. Concurrently, Luther king’s interest in Mahatma Gandhi and his principles increased. In universities and colleges there has been a constant interest in Mahatma Gandhi on part of those personalities who are interested in social justice and peace. New course which deals absolutely on Gandhian principles have started being introduced in the universities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The success of the tested Gandhian approaches in the struggle for Indian freedom and similarities between the African American movement of civil rights and Indian freedom  struggle has influenced both followers and leaders to adopt the ideologies of Gandhi in their struggle for equality. Martin Luther king was attracted to Gandhi due to the fact that he the first individual to use Jesus’ love ethics beyond personal level and also for using love ethic as a tool of effecting social change in large scale.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With many young nonviolent activists eventually king, jr mobilized non violent human barricades, mass movement, marches, civil disobedience, undertaking satyagraha-style sit-ins systematically, non cooperation pickets and strikes, spiced by use of passionate speeches while risking police beating and arrests from Montgomery to Birmingham, Atlanta to Albany and the popular Selma march on Washington D.C or else at other civil rights campaigns sites across united states using his popular phrase â€Å" I have a dream†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ King also spoke out also against the dangerous and distracting American participation in Vietnam War. However, it worth noting that king did not implement all methods that were preached by Gandhi. For example, he resisted using the idea of taking over the private property and refusing to pay taxes and he contemplated however he never adopted fasting. In spite of these discrepancies, king implemented Gandhiâ €™s overall non-violent resistance philosophy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In 2001 Martin Luther king was influenced by Gandhi’s approaches in becoming the civil  rights movement leader and is forever the Africans American’s hero. Coretta scott at National civil rights museum based in Tennessee said Gandhi’s example and teachings provided a strong influence on king’s leadership. Indian ambassador in USA, Latin man singh at the same event said that king and Gandhi joined America and India together through bonds of shared struggle and suffering.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The influence of Mahatma Gandhi on civil rights movement which occurred thousand miles away from India or England, where he got his education or in South Africa where Gandhi experimented with new principles had been very deep. It is evident that Mahatma Gandhi was invisible force of civil rights movement in United States4. King Jr was not only the leader who adopted ideologies of Gandhi into the fight for equality by African Americans there were many others like the followers of Gandhi from India who played a great role in giving the non- violent protest the shape as early as in the twentieth century. After the king’s arrival the civil rights movement in United States has strict adherence to the Gandhi’s principles like satyagraha and non violent protests. 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